a. This expansion, however, came at a considerable environmental cost, particularly through increased emissions and habitat destruction. b. By the ear…

a. This expansion, however, came at a considerable environmental cost, particularly through increased emissions and habitat destruction.

b. By the early 21st century, industrialisation had fundamentally altered the economic landscape of many developing nations.

c. As manufacturing capacity expanded, employment opportunities multiplied, drawing millions from rural areas into rapidly growing urban centres.

d. These demographic shifts, in turn, intensified pressure on housing, transportation, and public infrastructure.

e. The challenge facing policymakers today lies in reconciling economic growth with long-term environmental sustainability.